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The Accelerating Rate Calorimeter 254 provides adiabatic calorimetry data in a safe, controlled laboratory environment. This information helps provide a sound understanding of the fundamental physical processes involved. From this understanding, various safe operating systems and procedures can be developed to mitigate the hazards posed by a reactive system.
The model 254 simultaneously measures temperature and pressure. The sealed pressure system also allows the user to evaluate the effect of different gas atmospheres on the thermal stability of the system.
Gaseous reaction products may be analyzed at the end of an experiment to help identify and understand the reaction mechanisms involved.
The Accelerating Rate Calorimeter 254 is designed to model the course of a large-scale reaction on a small scale. A test material is externally heated in a fixed volume until exothermic activity is detected. Keeping that sample in an adiabatic environment where no energy is lost, the calorimeter then measures and records the sample temperature and pressure.
A single experiment provides data for use in the following:
- Thermal Hazard Evaluation
- Pressure Hazard Evaluation
- Thermokinetic Analysis
User safety is a key objective in the design of model 254. The user is protected by a series of safety systems that are completely independent of the control system. These safety systems work to protect the user in the event that the primary control system fails. Fully computer-controlled and highly automated, this Accelerating Rate Calorimeter features a graphical interface that is easy to learn and use.
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APTAC 264 - Automatic Pressure Tracking Adiabatic Calorimeter
APTAC 264 takes the testing of chemical reactivity a step forward by enabling the user to acquire much faster temperature and pressure rise data than did the earlier
designs.
The instrument can function as:
- High-performance closed-cell adiabatic calorimeter
- High-temperature and high-pressure reaction calorimeter
- Open test cell from which effluent can be discharged and analyzed for emergency relief system studies using the DIERS methodology of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
The precision and accuracy of APTAC 264 test results help companies in scaling up process designs to production scale by:
- Providing actual temperature and pressure data for use in kinetic modeling
- Validating predicted chemical reactions and scenarios
- Confirming predicted events following the activation of an emergency relief system
- Directly measuring physical property data of complex mixtures
APTAC 264 can be used for the thermal analysis of solid or liquid chemicals or for gas/liquid, liquid/liquid, gas/solid, and liquid/solid mixtures. It can also be used for process simulation of batch and semi-batch reactions, fire exposures, emergency relief venting, and physical properties measurement.
It offers a new degree of accuracy in reactivity data for chemical manufacturing industries, including organic chemicals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, fine organics, polymers and plastics, and explosive highenergy materials.
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Multi Modular Adiabatic Calorimeter MMC 274 Nexus™
The MMC 274 Nexus™ consists of two parts: the base unit with electronics and the exchangeable calorimeter module. This guarantees maximum flexibility.
Exchangeable calorimeter modules are available for different applications:
Accelerating Rate Calorimeter type module for safety testing
VariPhi™ module for fire exposure and other tests
External sample heater module for scanning tests
Special modules for battery testing
The MMC 274 Nexus™ can work in different testing modes. The scanning methods provide sensitivities comparable to Accelerating Rate Calorimeter tests in a fraction of the time it would take to run a Heat-Wait-Search test.
Scanning Mode
Constant temperature range
Constant power
Fire exposure
Isothermal
Adiabatic (Heat-Wait-Search)
Key Features of the MMC 274 Nexus™
Internal sample heater
Stirring of the sample
Injection of liquid sample
Venting of the sample bomb
Pressure measurement
Remote Calorimeter Options:
Humidity-controlled container
Refrigerated container
Explosion-proof container
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CAL2k Isothermal (Static Jacket) Bomb Calorimeter system used to determine the calorific value (energy content) of solid and liquid substances. The CAL2k bomb calorimeter is the most advanced calorimeter available, it is used in many different industries ranging from coal analsyis, animal feed research, fuel analysis, waste product incineration, by-product analysis etc.
The "dry" static jacket isothermal method has no water inside the calorimeter. An aluminum sleeve that is an integral part of the vessel replaces the bucket. The sleeve transfers the heat from the combustion process rapidly and evenly around the outside shell of the vessel. The temperature sensors are located between the combustion vessel and the sleeve. The temperature rise of the vessel is measured to determine the calorific value of the sample. The surrounding water jacket is replaced by polystyrene that is insulated from the outside environment by an aluminum box. The timing of the determination and the quality of the insulation is such that the environment has negligible effect on the determination. There are many advantages to the dry method.
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Calorimetry measures the heat of transformation of a material subjected to a temperature variation in a controlled atmosphere.
Various systems are available: isothermal, isoperibolic, adiabatic, reaction, titration, solution, drop, Calvet-3D Sensor Inside, etc.
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The Model 6400 Calorimeter was designed for laboratories that require high through-put. The unit features a closed loop cooling subsystem in the calorimeter. The patented Quick Twist-Lock vessel closure design requires only one minute of operator time per test, allowing one technician to run up to four 6400 Calorimeters simultaneously.
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Parr Instrument Company manufactures the most extensive line of oxygen bomb calorimeters in the industry. You can select from our family of calorimeters an instrument that matches your requirements for precision, testing load, automation, laboratory environment, sample size, operating preferences and compliance with standard test methods worldwide.
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Refer to ISO 1928:1995
Isothermal covers both static jacket (CAL2K) and Isoperibol systems.
Isoperibol calorimeters control the temperature of the surrounding jacket so that it is at a constant temperature.
The static jacket has a thermal capacity such that the temperature of the surrounds remains nearly constant without active control. The variation in the static jacket is measured and compensated for.
Bomb construction:
CAL2K: The vessel has a stainless body with an aluminum sleeve pressed over it.
Isoperibol: Stainless steel.
Temperature measurement of surrounds:
CAL2K: The ambient box containing the polystyrene (static jacket) is monitored throughout the determination.
Isoperibol: The jacket is water maintained at a constant temperature.
Temperature measurement of energy:
CAL2K: Sensors placed between the stainless steel body and the sleeve measure the energy released during a determination. A microprocessor is built into the vessel making the calibration independent of the calorimeter.
Isoperibol: The vessel is placed in a bucket of water and then the temperature of the water in the bucket is measured.
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The DDS CP500 Calorimeter set the standard for reliability and accuracy in determining calorific values. After 22 years in the field and with the rapid development of technology the CAL2k Calorimeter System was developed. Like the CP500, the CAL2k is the “sunflower” in the laboratory with its bright yellow colour.
The CAL2k system is the most advanced calorimeter system available today. The CAL2k is a quality product, which produces quality results. The CAL2k system
The CAL2k-1 Calorimeter
The CAL2k-2 Cooler
The CAL2k-3 Filling Station
The CAL2k-4 Vessel
The Calorimeter can operate either as a stand-alone unit or via a PC. It can also be connected as a network. The Cooler reduces the temperature of a fired vessel by having its hot junction of the peltier elements cooled down by a continuous trickle of mains water supply. The Filling Station fills the vessel with oxygen to 3 Mpa at a controlled pace, so as not to disturb the sample in the crucible. The Vessel is the heart of the CAL2k system. It has an isothermal design with a microprocessor in its base. The Vessel also has a number of temperature sensors within its cylindrical walls, ensuring absolute accuracy.
The CAL2k system with its easy maintenance is a must for any calorimetry application.
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Alternative energy refers to energy sources, which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the undesirable effects of pollution (as witnessed today) both from burning fossil fuels and from nuclear waste byproducts. Fortunately there are many means of harnessing energy, which have less damaging impacts on our environment.
Part of the research involves determining the calorific value (energy content) of the alternative energy source.
Institutions performing this type of research include:
Universities
Research Facilities
Government or private industries
These applications are endless. Most refer to methods related to combustible energy. However, the rising cost of traditional energy has resulted in more research. A shroud of mystery surrounds the un-conventional energy research, but we have heard of measuring the energy absorption of leaves during sunshine, measuring the energy contained in production by-products, and measuring the energy in vegetable oils. The calorimeter measures disposable waste in accordance with ASTM D5468-02.
Many institutions are doing research and development on alternative energy source.
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The calorific value (CV) of most liquid fuels can be determined in exactly the same way as solids e.g. coal, i.e. by placing the sample in a pressurized vessel, igniting the sample and measuring the released heat in a controlled environment.
The sample is placed in the crucible; the firing cotton is then placed in contact with the sample and the vessel pressurized with oxygen. The firing cotton is then ignited which in turn ignites the sample. The burning of the sample causes the vessel temperature to increase, this increase in temperature is very accurately measured and this is proportional to the calorific value of the sample.
This is the method generally used for fuel oils. If the fuel oil is viscous then an eyedropper or syringe can be used to place the oil into the crucible. If the oil is not viscous then a spatula should be used – ensuring that all the sample is inside the crucible and not on the outside.
Most fuel oils do not splatter on combustion so this method is generally acceptable, however if the oil does splatter then a cellophane cover must be placed over the crucible or the sample inserted into a capsule. The cover or capsule must be weighed and used as a spike value.
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Digital Data Systems would like to introduce the new e2K bomb calorimeter system to the CAL2k range of products. The e2K is an inexpensive bomb calorimeter system which is language compatible and suited to both the lower sample volume and higher sample volume markets. The e2K is available in a variety of system options to suit different customer budgets.
The main feature of the new e2K is the determination speed which has been increased to that of the CAL2k making it faster than the ECO with the same speed and accuracy of the CAL2k. Another main feature of the new e2K is its language compatibility; the LCD display can be read in one standard language (English) and an alternative language such as Chinese, German, Portuguese, Thai etc., etc. All languages are available. The new e2K will also have the ability to print results directly without a PC on a standard 80 column serial printer. These are just some of the features of the new system.
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The new ECO system is to operate together with the existing CAL2k and form part of the CAL2k range. It is aimed at a different type of market and will not be in direct competition to the CAL2k. The ECO is an inexpensive calorimeter aimed at a lower volume market, which requires fewer quantities of CV samples per day. The ECO unlike the CAL2k will use no water; the vessel will cool naturally while standing on a workbench or table.
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Many institutions are doing research and development on food. The aim is to improve the nutritional value of the food. The parameters may be to compare different foods or different manufactures or to generically improve the food. Other aspects may be to improve the digestion and energy absorption of animal feeds.
Part of the research involves determining the calorific value of the food. The calorific value of a particular food is the same as the energy content of that food.
The food can be for either human or animal consumption.
Institutions performing this type of research include:
Animal and Dairy research
Department of Agriculture
Universities
Technicons
Government or private food industries
A calorimeter is used to determine the calorific value. The sample to be measured is ground into a powder and then prepared into tablet form. The sample should be made into a tablet so as to prevent splattering when the sample burns. Splattering is when un-burnt sample is thrown out of the crucible during combustion, thus causing inaccurate results. In tablet form, feeds usually burn consistently and without splattering.
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The Digital Data Systems (Pty) Ltd (dds) CP500 Calorimeter set the standard for reliability and accuracy in determining calorific values. After 22 years in the field and with the rapid development of technology the CAL2k Calorimeter System was developed. Like the CP500, the CAL2k is the “sunflower” in the laboratory with its bright yellow colour.
The CAL2k system is the most advanced, fully automatic calorimeter system available today. The CAL2k is a quality product, which produces quality results. The CAL2k system comprises:
The CAL2k-1 Calorimeter
The CAL2k-2 Cooler
The CAL2k-3 Filling Station
The CAL2k-4 Vessel
The Calorimeter can operate either as a stand-alone unit or via a PC. It can also be connected as a network. The Cooler reduces the temperature of a fired vessel by having its hot junction of the peltier elements cooled down by a continuous trickle of mains water supply. The Filling Station fills the vessel with oxygen to 3 Mpa at a controlled pace, so as not to disturb the sample in the crucible. The Vessel is the heart of the CAL2k system. It has an isothermal design with a microprocessor in its base. The Vessel also has a number of temperature sensors within its cylindrical walls, ensuring absolute accuracy.
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The VP-ITC system is an ultrasensitive isothermal titration calorimeter designed for ease-of-use. All functions are operated through software to minimize operator involvement and facilitate fast and accurate analyses without the need for expertise in thermodynamics.
The capabilities of ITC as a technique, combined with the unique performance features of the VP-ITC have made this system the best selling ultrasensitive isothermal titration calorimeter in the world.
Applications include:
- Characterization of molecular interactions of small molecules, proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, lipids and other biomolecules.
- Lead optimization.
- Enzyme kinetics.
- Assessment of the effect of molecular structure changes on binding mechanisms.
- Assessment of biological activity.
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iTC200 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
The iTC200 system is the most sensitive isothermal titration calorimeter available. It is designed to address the needs of today's life science researchers - particularly those engaged in drug discovery and development. With its reduced size and associated sample quantity requirements, the iTC200 is significantly faster than previous models. Designed for ease-of-use, all functions of the iTC200 are operated through software to facilitate fast and accurate analyses.
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The TA Instruments Nano-Series calorimeters represent the highest sensitivity and unmatched flexibility for the investigation of biological samples. The Nano ITC2G is focused on the measurement of ligand binding and reaction kinetics, with increased baseline stability and more tolerance to environment temperature fluctuations. New heat sensing architecture ensures the highest data quality for reproducible results using the new easy-to-use NanoAnalyze data analysis software.
·Improved baseline stability
·Stable reproducible baselines
·Improved temperature control
and stability
·Higher Signal to Noise
·Faster Response Times
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The new ECO isothermal bomb calorimeter system is to operate together with the existing CAL2k and form part of the CAL2k range. It is aimed at a different type of market and will not be in direct competition to the CAL2k.
The ECO is an inexpensive calorimeter aimed at a lower volume market, which requires fewer quantities of CV samples per day. Maxiumum of 8 CV samples per day. The ECO unlike the CAL2k will use no water; the vessel will cool naturally while standing on a workbench or table.
Stores 1024 results
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The e2K is an inexpensive bomb calorimeter system which is language compatible and suited to both the lower sample volume and higher sample volume markets. The e2K is available in a variety of system options to suit different customer budgets.
The main feature of the new e2K is the determination speed which has been increased to that of the CAL2k making it faster than the ECO with the same speed and accuracy of the CAL2k. Another main feature of the new e2K is its language compatibility; the LCD display can be read in one standard language (English) and one alternative language such as. The new e2K also has the ability to print results directly without a PC on a standard 80 column serial printer. These are just some of the features of the new system.
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Certified Benzoic Acid Tablets are now available from Digital Data Systems. We are selling bottles of certified benzoic acid tablets - 50 x 0,5g tablets per bottle. These high quality tablets are selling at under US$25 per bottle.
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