A DDL motor is basically a rotary motor that is laid out flat and directly coupled to the driven load. With this configuration, all mechanical transmissions, such as ball/lead screws, rack and pinions, belts/pulleys, and gearboxes are eliminated. This in turn eliminates backlash and other problems associated with these mechanical transmissions. DDL designs deliver exceptional high performance, extremely high stiffness, very high dynamic speeds and accelerations, high positional accuracy, higher throughput, compact mechanical assembly, smooth, error-free motion, zero maintenance, and quiet operation.