The piezo actuators actuators series N are made for industrial applications. They consist of a large number of contacted ceramic discs. The electrodes are arranged on both sides of the ceramic discs. They are specially shielded by a flexible insulation material which guarantees the highest possible dynamic performance under the toughest requirements. Based on their design, they are well suited for easy integration into specific customer systems. Special designs are made with a centrically drilled hole. They are called ring type actuators. Please see the R and RA piezo actuators chapter. They are mainly used for laser cavity alignment.